This article revisits Brexit ten years after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, examining its constitutional, political, and economic legacy. The article engages critically with Oliver Garner’s book Constitutional Disintegration and Disruption, which argues that Brexit should be understood not as an isolated rupture, but as the culmination of a longer trajectory of differentiated integration, in which the UK’s extensive opt-outs from EU law foreshadowed eventual withdrawal under Article 50 TEU. While questioning Garner’s normative theory of dual constituent power between EU citizens and member states, the article highlights how Brexit exposed the enduring primacy of state sovereignty within the EU legal order. It further contends that, although Brexit ultimately weakened the UK more than the EU and has since prompted gradual efforts at rapprochement, it also distracted the Union from pursuing necessary constitutional reforms at a moment when deeper integration and further enlargement have become increasingly urgent.


